The composition, physiology and interaction of microbial communities in the environment are termed as environmental microbiology.Through these patterns of microbes, the nature of different possible environments in which they are situated, the methodologies used to monitor microorganisms and their activities, their effects on human and negative as well as positive aspects could be easily understood by this.

Medical microbiology deals with the study of microbes that are pathogenic and play a role in human illness. For that it includes the study of pathogenesis, epidemiology, disease pathology and immunology of the one suffering from illness. Also, it enlists the applications of microbes in medicine. Medical microbiology begins with the immunesurveillance that focuses on the body’s response to invading microorganisms.

It is the combined field of microbiology and pharmacy, under which the study of microorganisms that are used in the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other pharmaceuticals products.Pharmaceutical microbiology also deals with the study of the of pharmaceutical contamination and spoilage caused by microbes.So, microbes can be either useful in production of pharmaceutical products or may cause spoilage of these products.

Industrial microbiology applies microbial science to create high value industrial products that are valuable to humans. Microbes used industrial processes have the ability to produce chemical compounds that couldn’t be synthesized in laboratory or it takes great difficulty to be synthesized. Also, some chemical products can be synthesized more efficiently and cheaply by the action of microbial species. Use of microbes also tends to increase the product yield.

Application of scientific and engineering tools and principles to the processing of material by microbial species to create useful products and processes.  Microbial species that are being used may be native isolates, genetically modified microbes or laboratory selected mutants. Microbial biotechnology enabled with genomics lead to breakthroughs such as improves vaccines and better disease-diagnostic tools and improves microbial agents.

This deals with the study of Microorganisms that inhibit, create or contaminate food and dairy products. The main goal of food and dairy microbiology is to use microorganisms to enhance or produce new food products and to study the disease or infection causing microorganisms and their prevention.

This field of applied microbiology explores the various aspects of the plant microbes such as genetics, physiology, molecular biology , virulence and pathogenicity. It deals with the study of infectious agents of microbes, resistance and improvements  of the agricultural crops with the economic importance and beneficial aspects of normal agricultural flora.

.

Forensic microbiology focuses on the medicolegal and criminal investigations by trace evidence analysis. The study is used as weapon against bioterrorism and standup to the heavy scientific scrutinity. Rapid identification and subtyping of infectious agents can be done.

Cellular microbiology deals with the microbes that are pathogenic and attempting them to use as tools for cell-biology research, and to use cell-biology methods the pathogenicity of microbes should be known. It is the combination of cell biology and molecular biology. It deals with cell cycle, metabolism, signal transduction, anatomy and physiology. It also studies the microbes that are transfiguring towards antibiotic agent.

The use of naturally occurring microbes, effective microbes, GMOs, or deliberately introduced microbes to consume, breakdown and remove environmental pollutants, contaminants and toxins to clean a polluted site is the essence of bioremediation.It’s an ecofriendly approach of acquiring a pollution free environment.Major environmental issues such as oil spills or contaminated groundwater. It could be done in either of the way “insitu” or “exsitu”. This process leads to the stimulation of microbial growth that leads to the utilization of pollutants.

To maintain the identity of living system, living organisms continuously experiences high levels of metabolic activities inside. Such metabolic activities includes huge number of chemical reactions that happens vigorously which changes the chemical species from one to a different thereby leading to energetic transactions that leads to biochemical functionalities. Microbial physiology has its applications in both fundamental research and in industries. Metabolic engineering in microbial physiology and biomolecules can lead to substantial research and functional genomics.

Microbial gene technology deals with the applications of genetic engineering into microbiology. Different techniques are used for Genetic engineering of microbes which studies the genotype of microbial species and its gene expression and gene manipulation or modification is done that leads to recombinant model of microbes.Manipulation and modification is done as to produce desired traits in microbes which could turn up to human and environment welfare.

<p justify;\"="">

Cellular and Molecular immunology deals with cellular acivities in experimental or clinical situations. It is the interactions among cells and molecules of the system that contributes to the popularity and elimination of pathogens. The response to pathogens consists by the complex interactions and activities of the massive number of diverse cell types involved within the immune reaction. .

<p justify;\"="">

Bio materials are those substances or components which are designed to associate with the natural frameworks for clinical applications. Microorganisms can be used in the production of such materials and hence such materials are known as biomaterials.

<p justify;\"="">