Dr.Asit Kumar Chakraborty
University of California,Berkeley
Title: Dynamics of Bacteriophages, Bacteria and Fungi in Ganga River water: MDR bacteria are increasing in global water due to symbiosis relation to protect gut microbiota for the synthesis of vitamins needed for normal human metabolosome
Biography
Biography: Dr.Asit Kumar Chakraborty
Abstract
Organic matter is increasing in global water due to increased civilization and such substances (protein, glucose, cellulose, lipid, nucleic acids) are supporting the growth of microorganisms. Ganga River in India is very religious and peoples drink raw in many occasions. We presently detected 5.8x103/ ml ampicillin drug resistant bacteria and many are multidrug-resistant comprising tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and streptomycin as well as amikacin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, lomofloxacin, linezolid and colistin like super-drugs. AMR spread is huge with millions of death due to ineffectiveness of antibiotics. This is happened due to creation of hundreds of mdr genes like beta-lactamases (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA and blaNDM1), drug acetyltransferases (aacC1, aacA1, cat) and phosphotransferases (aph4) in MDR conjugative plasmids and chromosome. In other mechanisms, drug efflux proteins like tetA/C, acrAB and mexAB kickout drugs from bacterial cytoplasm increasing drug MIC and thus tetracycline, streptomycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin became ineffective to destroy pathogenic bacteria. We have hypothesized that such 2x1012 diverse species are killed due to high dose of antibiotic intake since 1940s creating acute health hazard in human which is now balanced by probiotic bifidobacteria and vitamin-B complex capsules supplement. Several high quality research from US Human Microbiome Project (HMP), European Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) and others have demonstrated the beneficial functions of the normal gut flora (>35000 species) on health. We suggest that molecular signalling from intestinal luminal cells (TGFβ, IL-10, IL-22 etc) as well as from bacteria (LPS, vitamins, butyrate etc) orchestrated to preserve symbiosis relation between human and bacteria. Thus MDR bacteria will be the resident of intestine favouring vitamin biosynthesis and immune-modulation needed for normal human metabolosome. Indeed mdr genes are abundantly created in plasmids and chromosomes with further mutations of target genes (rRNA, ponA, porB, gyrAB, parC) and likely all are to protect gut microbiota to save human from extinct. Thus with time all bacteria will be drug resistant and infections should be controlled by heterogenous phyto-antibiotics, phage theray, gene medicines and DNA nanocarriers for toxic drug delivery. We find bacteriophages are reduced in Ganga River water with tremendous increase in MDR bacteria.. From sewage water of Kolkata we are isolating bacteriophages that destroy MDR bacteria. In turn, biotechnology could be explored to release large MDR-Phages into Ganga River saving the quality of religious water and to save millions from MDR infectious diseases. G-20 Nations are gathered in Germany recently and have issued Action Plan to reduce antibiotic use in human, food animals and agricultural land as has been recommended by WHO. We find heterogeneous phyto-antibiotics from Cassia fistula and Suregada multiflora etc. are very effective against MDR-bacteria and may help to design new toxic drugs (MDR-Cure).